Displacement and acceleration apparatus



'IDec.v'17, 1935.` p, E KLQPSTEG 2,024,230

DISPLACEMENT AND ACCELERATION APIARATUS Filed May 16, 1929 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 Dec. 17, 1935.

P. E. kLQPsTEG DISPLACEMENT AND ACCELERATON APPARATUS 4 sneaks-sheet 2 Filed May 16, 1929 Dec. 17, 1935. P. E. KLoPs'rEG l DISPLAGEMENT AND ACCELERATION APPARATUS 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed May 16, 1929 6 v 0 Il.' 6 n n .9M 79% 534 i] 1g/KLM m a wm w 1 Dec. 17, 1935. P E, KLQPSTEG 27,024,230

DISPLAGEMENT AND AGCELERATION APPARATUS led May 16,' 1929y 4 sheets-sheet 4 listened Dee. 11, 1935 UNITED sTATEs FPATENT" OFFICE prsrLAcEnEN'r AND AccELERA'noN APPARATUS Paul lt'flilolllteg,l Chicago, lll., assigner to Central Scientiiic Company, a corporation of Illinois Application my 1a, 1929, serial No.' ssasss 1o claims. (ci. 'za-51) of making experimental determinations, thereby giving each student more time for' work on the physical principles oi the experiment, and enabling more students to use the same apparatus in a given period; to eliminate physical errors of recording and other errors oi reading records of experiments; to produce improved means for delivering sparks at constant intervals and with lmiiorm accuracy and generally to eliminate shortcomings in prior apparatus of this class.

, Further objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent as the disclosure proceeds and the description is read in connection with the accompanying drawings in which v Fig. l is a diagram illustrating the application of the fundamental principles to a moment of inertia machine, inclined plane and horizontal plane acceleration and velocity devices, and an Atwood machine for determining the laws of falling bodies; Figs. 2, 3 and 4 are respectively plan, side elevation and end elevation ot the preferred form oi a spark timer, forming a part of the general corganization;

Fig. 5 is a plan view withthe cover removed, of the preferred form of an impulse counter used in connection with the spark timer;

Fig. 6 is a vertical section taken on the line l3--3 of Fis. 5;

Fig. 'I is a plan view oi ythe cover of the impulse counter shown in Figs. 5 and 6;

Fig. 8 is a side. elevation of the preferred embodiment oi a moment of inertia machine; Figs. 9 and 10 are end elevation and plan views respectively or the same; and

Pig. 11 is a plan view oi a polar co-ordinate chart illustrating the record made with the apparatus including the moment oi inertia machine,

'50 shown in Figs. 8, 9 and 10.

ffy/But this specific illustration and the corre- ',.d'spondmgly specinc description are used for the J/ purpose oi disclosure only, and it is realized that the substance of the invention may be embodied -in other forms and put to other applications.

, the primary v to receive bolts I8 29 and 30 adapted tocco The general organization illustrated in Fig. 1 includes a source of current represented bythe battery A, a spark timer indicated generally by B, (illustrated in detail on sheet 2), which opens circuit of a spark coil, indicated 5 generally by C, the secondary of which delivers sparks to a record receiver associated-with va moment of inertia machine, generally. indicated by D, (illustrated in detail on sheet 4), an inclined plane acceleration device,.indicated generl0 `ally by E, a horizontal plane velocity device, indicated generally by F, and an Atwood machine for determining the laws for falling bodies, indcated generally by G; and associated with the spark timer B, isanl impulse counter, generally l5 indicated by H (illustrated in detail on sheet 3) l Spark timer The spark timer has a massive base I0, comprising a web I I, side ilanges I2, and end anges 20 l I3. v A stout bracket I4. is secured to the web adjacent to one end by screws I5, and is-'cut away adjacent to the topi (Fig. 4), as indicated at I8, to leave a flat upstanding arm I1, perforated whichsecure to it (Fig. 2) 25 a rigid arm I9, a resilientl arm 20, an insulating plate 2i, a vibrating bar 22, a ller block 23, an insulated plate 24, a resilient arm 25, and a rigid. arm 26. The bolts I8 are also equipped with in sulating'tubes 21 and insulating washers 28. 30

Adjacent to their free ends the resilient arms '2li and 25 are equipped w th tungsten contacts pete with simil ar contacts 3l and 32 carried by y e vibrating bar 22.

The rigid arms I9 and 26 are'equipped with 35 adjusting `screws 33, the points oi which bear on the resilient arms 20 and 25 respectively, to adjust the position oi the contacts 28, 33 and the adjusted positions may be made secure by the lock nuts 34. y 40 The rigid arm I8 is projected beyond the i'ree end of the arm 26, bent laterally at 35, and equipped at its `iree end with an adjusting screw 38 having a check nut 31, and a flat head 38, adapted to form a positive limit to upward move- 45 ment oi the contact 38 in Fig. 2. The arm .I8 is also fitted with a yielding pad 39 adapted to damp vibrations oi the resilient arm 2|.

One or more slotted loading masses 40 may be mounted on the bar 22 and secured in adjusted 50 position by screws 4I to vary the period of vibration of the bar.

A second bracket 42 is secured to the Vweb adjacent the right end in Figs. 2 and 3 by screws 43, and isperiorated'to receive rods 44, carried 55 -that upward movement of the bar 22, in Fig. 2,

end of the base 6U, and therefore, or a table or isplaced. f

t inwardly from the pivot bearings to give the shaft l 8l temporary 4support during the operation oi v orrecord receiving means 18 is temporarily sewise-imposed on a sheet having a coating more by the base di of electromagnets The base material is in common use as a substitute for ear- Il is also equipped lwith a screw l1 passing bons in making copies on a typewriter, and comthrough a helical spring 48 and the bracket 42, prises a. colored paper base coated on one side with and equipped with a thumb nut 49 by which the parailin which latter is so ailfected by the spark position of the magnet may be adjusted. as to make a sort of wide halo about the per- 5 A binding post l0 on the base i0 is electrically rotation in the paper. Carbon coated paper and connected with the bar 22 through the bracket a variety of other sheets may be used with like Il, and may be connected by a wire 5| (Fig. 1) results. with one side of the battery A. A binding post A spark point 16 is supported for movement B2 on the arm I9 (Fig. 2) may be connected by along aradius of the inertia disk by Yan arm 11 awire 5I (Fig. 1) with the primary 54 ofthe spark ilxed to a bakelite column 18 by a binding post coil C which, in turn, may be connected by a wire 18. The column .18 is carried by a slide I8 mount- 55 with the opposite side ofthe battery A. With ed on a channel bar track 8l xed to the base such connections, it will be clear that downward 80. The under side of the slide has grooves movement of the bar 22 in Fig. 2 will bring the 82 to receive the anges 83 of the track and a is contacts 30 and 82 together to close the circuit bolt M passing through a slot 85 in the slide, and through the battery A, and the primary 5l, which secured to the base 60, serves to hold the slide circuit will remain closed until, on the reverse and track in proper relation. Theslide is equipped movement of the bar 22, the resilient arm 26 is with a suitable handle 88 to facilitate movement positively stopped by the head 88, when the cirback and forth on the track. cuit is broken, with the familiar results in the The binding post 19, and. therefore, the spark secondary and any circuit including it. point 16, may be connected with the secondary A third binding post 56 (Fig. 2) may be conof the coil C by a wire 8l (Fig. 1), and the sec nected by awire 51 (Fig. l) directly or indirectly ondary, in turn, may be `connected by wire t@ with the windings of the magnets 48 which, in turn, may be connected by a wire 58 to the battery A. With such connections, it will follow base 80, .brackets 6i and inertia disk 65 are all made lof conducting material. Van electrical circuit is completed through the secondaryoi' thecoil except for the air gap between the spark point 'i6 and the disk @5.

From the foregoing description of the spark timer and its connections, it will follow that sparks will be delivered across the gap between the point i6 and inertia disk E55 at uniform intervals and will close the contacts 8| and 29, and thereby close the circuit through the battery A and the y magnet 46 energizing the latter, and giving a downward impulse to the bar 22. It will also follow that on the opposite phase or the barb vibra tion, the circuit through the driving magnet d@ will be closed, causing the bar to return and complete the oscillation.

The adjustability o! the magnet 46 with respect to the bar and the adJustability of the contacts 3i! and 29 with respectto the contacts 8i and 32 enables the user to secure absolutely reliable operation without cut and try methods.

Rotational inertia. machine A massive base S0 has fitted to one end portion a pair of brackets 6| having at their upper ends arms 82 equipped with precision pivot bearings 88 for the shaft 64 of an inertia disk 85 of simple geometric form presenting a large cylindrical surface 6G, and asmaller cylindrical-surface at one side 61.- Each oi these surfaces. and the shaft 64, is provided with a pin 68 for cooperation with the loop of. a thread 69 adapted to be wound on a selected one of the cylindrical surfaces, and attached to a driving weight 10 by which the inertia disk is propelled.

j The brackets 6i incline to the left in Fig. 8 a sufcient amount to permit the thread 68, when wound onthe' shaft 64, to hang clear ofv the left "Therefore, if the disk is set in motion by the force of gravity acting on the weight 18, and the slide 88 is moved to the left in Fig. 8, a series of receiving means 13 will be made in the form ot a spiral, and, with the aid of the graduations on the chart, this record can be readily reduced to numerical data.

Spark point This absolutely prevents lateral movement of the spark and directs it straight from the end of the point to the disk. Capillary glass tubing enclosing a short piece oi wire and brought close to the chart gives excellent results.

Inclned plane and car acceleration,device This device, shown generally at E, includes a massive alici- 8i adapted to travel down an in track 92,\,and` having trunnio'ns 83 mounto5 other suitable support'upon which the machine The brackets 8i have notched arms 1i spaced mounting and dismounting the disk.

The-left face 12 of the inertia disk 8B, as it ap-v a frame 9 equipped' witha clamp 85 for pears in Fig. 9, is flat. and a polar coordinate chart clin ed t

ma ng the' frame fast' to one end of a record strip -or record receiving means 96 running over cured thereto by a few -spots of rubber cement, metallic roller pullyshmounted in the bracket or thev like. vThe chart is provided with a plurality of circles 14 and radial graduations in degrees, or fractions thereof, 15, printed or other- 8 at the end of the track 92, and having a light 70 eight 98 attached t its free end to insure er cooperationv with the pulley 91.

Horizontal plane and car device This device. shown \g\enerally'at F, includesa f5 Prop' sensitive to or which is aiected to a greater extent by a spark than is the base sheet. The best with the binding post 1i!s on the base 60. As the 25` will perforate the chart or record receiving means $5-- mrorations e@ (liig.` 11) in the chart or record 40 delivery end of the point and towards the disk. 55

weights |52, is equipped with wheels |33 running on a horizontal track |34, and has a clamp |05, adapted to grasp oneend of a record strip or Y record receiving means |05, running over a metallic roller pulley |51 mounted in a bracket |08 Aat the end of the track |34, and having attached to its free end a driving weight |43.

Atwood machine for determining the laws of falling bodies This device shown generally at G, includes a record strip ||l in the -iorm oi a closed loop running over a roller pulley I I, and equipped at separated points with balancing weights ||2, and ||.3,one of which is augmented by the addition of a driving weight II4.

In each of the devices E, F and G, the roller pulley (51, |31 and is connected by suitable extensions of the wire 33 with one side oi.' the spark coil, and a spark point ||5 adjacent to each oi' those pulleys is connected through a selective switch S with a suitable branch 81e, 311, or 31g of the wire B1 with the other sideof the spark coil C.

With such connections, it follows that as the record strips move over the roller pulleys, the sparks will make a series of periorations spaced in proportion to the time oi' travel between successive sparks. By making the spark point radially adjustable with respect to the inertia disk 85. (see Figs. 8 and 11), it becomes 'possible to make a plurality of records on the samechart or record receiving means.

Impulse counter and stop watch timer A base H6 is equipped with'a metal stamping' i|1 provided with upturned arms H3, IIS, |29). The arm lil carries the coils |2| of an electromagnet which are connected with binding posts |22 carried by the base iIB.

. naledin the hollow post |32, made fast to the ,y

stamping ||1 and the' base IIB. A post |33 (Fig. 5) on the base IIB carries a holding pawl |34 and a stop iinger |35 mfr-the drivlng pawl |23.

'nie binding posts m which nre suitably in.

sulated from each other may be inserted in .the wire connection 51 of Fig. l, or substituted for the binding posts oi the primary of the spark coil C. In either caseythe windings., will ,beA intermittently energized, ,and cooperate .with the springI to give the armature a rocking motion.

As tbe'armature rocks to the lett in Figs. 5 and 6, -the curved end |35 of the pawl |28 drivesthe ratchet counter-clockwise until the curved end strikes the stop finger |35, whch checks the motion oi-the pawl, and, therefore, the armature, and also locks the pawl to the ratchet to prevent the latter overrunning. Each oscillation oi. the amature will, therefore, move the ratchet one moin, and me pnwi I u win nein the mene while the amature rocks to the right. v n,

The shaft I3| is equipped with s needle orA pointer |31 (Fig. '1) rimning over a suitable scale |33, carried by the casing |39, and visible through the crystal |43.

The shaft |3| is also equipped with a pinion. |4| meshing with a gear |42 on a shaft |43 iour- 5 naled in a hollow column |44 iixed to the base IIB. The shaft |43 is also equipped with ashorter needle, or pointer |45 running over a smaller scale |45, also visible through the crystal |45.

A lever |41 tulcrumed at |48 on the bottom 10 of the base III has a wedge adapted to control the armature by engagement with the arm thereon which projects downwardly through a slot in the base. I'he end of the lever |41 opposite to the wedge |43 is pivoted to` a push rod 15 Ill loosely in the base IIB and normally heldin Aa raised position by a spring |52; and this rod |5| is equipped with a finger piece |53 at a convenient height above the base.

vOperation With the rotational inertia machine, set up substantially as illustrated in sheets and 4, and a chart 13, secured to the face 12 of the disk 55 25 with several patches of rubber cement; the spark timer isset in motion, the driving weight 10 is applied while holding the disk stationary; the disk is released and the slide 30 is pushed to the left in Figs. 8 and 10, moving the spark point 51 radially 30 of the disk while the latter rotates.

The disk, with its shaft 64, is removed from the pivot bearings, and stood on the right end, as it appears in Fig. 9. In this position, the chart may be conveniently loosened and removed, or it may 35 be allowed to remain on the disk while, with the aid oi the graduations 15, the distances between the successive pertorations are read oi! and reduced to numerical data. n

The disk and its shalt are then measured for D other numerical data, and the usual calculations are performed. y

The operation with the devices E, F and G, are, in all respects, similar, and will be obvious without detailed explanation.

In all these experiments compensation for friction can readily be made by applying weight to the system until uniform motion ensues, obtaining a spark record, reducing it to numerical data by suitable measurements and making a cor 50 responding correction von the other charts made.

The period o1 time corresponding to a chart record, including any number or ,sparks is best ascertained by the spark timer.

For any given adjustment of the spark timer, 55 the impulse counter must be rated with ysome standard such as a stop watch or the second hand oi any timepiece. This may be accomplished by releasing the controller of the impulse counteras the second hand passes a selected position and 50 stopping it when the hand another selected positionseveral minutes later.

A sxiiifui operator ehn stop ine impulse counter at zero on the scale, and anyone can set it at zero by using the control'lever to rock the ar- 65 mature manually until the pointer arrives at zero.

With either of the connections suggested, the magnet o! the impulse 'counter is energized for each spark and, therefore, gives a readily visible indication either actually or substantially at the -v The invention makes possible, for the first thatwinning simplicity o! means and procedure,

d' that convincing accuracy of experimental 75 4- 2,094,980 f dataso to the instructional avenge students in fundamental laws.

'me variable and indeterminate friction of e tuningtork stylus on the recording surface, the uncertain frequency o! vibration, the value oi which the student must usually accept on iaith, the tedious counting of undulations, and in fact, all objections to the timing fork methods are eliminated. Y

The easily visible spots formed on the chart by the sparks simultaneously with vthe minute peri'orations therein result in a graphic record that can be reduced to numerical data by the student, and checked by the instructor with equal ease.

'The steel bar electrically maintained 'in vibration by an incident in those vibrations, and making andbreaking aeircuitthroughtheprimary ot a spark coil, is obviouslyamost simple and accurate source of timed sparks.

A selection of bars with adjustable andadriving magnet.adjustableeitherinpo sition or magnetic intensity, gives a wide range o f selective vibration.

The impulse counter enables the student, with the aid ot a stop watch. to accurately determine l for himself the time corresponding to a selected number oi' vibrations. or spark intervals, which is important, both-because the interval is a fbythebar.andmeansoperatedby'izhebaxfor` lcountingthesparks.

squared quantity in all acceleration formulae.

and because the'student is not asked to acceptthis basic quantity on faith.

Whenthesparktimerand the impulse counter havebeenratedwithastopwatcmtheybecome .a high-speed electrical stop watch useful wherevershort intervals are to be measured.

I claim as my invention:

l. In apparatus of the cias described, a mass whose motion is to be recorded, a spark sensitive record receiver moving with the mass,.means .to deliver sparks to the receiver at equal intervals 'oi time including a vibrating bar, a circuit opened 2. In apparatus'of the class described, a mass whose motion is toberecorded, a spark sensitive record receiver moving with themasameans to deliver sparks-to the receiver at vequal intervals of time includingavibrating banacircuit opened by the bar,and an electro-magnet means for coimtingthesparksineludingacircuitclosedby' thebar at each vibration. Y

3. Inapparatus of the classdescribed. amo- :mentoienertiamachineincludingarotarymass whosemotionistobe,athin,colored, substantiallycirculanrecordchartrotatingwith themassandcoatedonone siclevritlipitrailin, andmeansi'orperi'oratingthechartwithsparks atunii'ormintervaisoftime.\ ,Y

4.Inapparatus ottheclassderibecL'amomentoiineriiamachin'eincludingamassivebase,

an inertia dish-and means iorrotatably mount- .ingtbeinertiadiskontbebaseinchidingbrackets having bearimslorthediskatahoriaontal dis- ;tancefromone'end-otthebaseless thanthe' 5.111apparatusottheclassdescribed,amoment'oiinertiamacbineincluding aninertia closing said circuit to disk oi conducting` material. means for mount- 'ment oi inertia machine including an inertia disk of conducting material, means for mounting the disk to rotate, a record chart detachably mounted on and rotating with the disk. and, means to deliver. Sparks through the chart at uniiormly spaced intervals, including a spark point. and means for moving the spark point radially with respectto the chart. 'l

'1. An apparatus oi.' the class described compris u ing a movable mass whose motion is to be measured, gravity actuated means for moving the Y mass, record-receiving means movable by the mass, marking means for passing sparks through the record-receiving means including ay spark zo point adjacent to which the vrecord-receiving means moves. said spark point being adapted to be moved across the record-receiving means during the movement thereof, and means for deliveringsaidsparksat equalintervals oftime. 8. An apparatus for recording the movement oi a mass.- the inertia of which is to be measured, comprising a stationary support, a mass mounted directly upon and movable relatively to said support. an electric circuit having' a pair oi terso minals, one o! said terminals being part of said mass, the other terminal being spaced from the rst terminal todorm a spark gap, a record-receiving element disposed in the spark 8&9. said record-receiving element and second terminal, respectively, being relatively movable. one being iixed and the otherconnected to movewith the mass, means for moving said mass comprising a weight andmass. and means for opening and delivering sparks to said record-receiving me at equal intervals of time.

9,'ln apparatus oi the-class described, a moment oi inertia machine including a base, an inertiadisk.meansiorrotatablymountingtbein ertiadiskonthebase ineludingsupportshaving bearings for the disk, and means ior rotatthe disk including a iiexible member having ins one end portion movable with the disk and havv ing its other end portion weighted and depending so the base being formed provide clearaneei'or saidweishtedendporti 1Q.Inapparatusoith class described,amo mentoiinertiamachineincludingabasegarocarried by-the'b'ase, means iorfa'pplying a con-v stantiorcetothedisktorotatethesamecomprising a ilexibie member having one'end portion movable with. the diskandpite other eild Forum I0 member-incl' 

